pounds per square inch (psi) to bar (bar) conversion

What is pounds per square inch?

Pounds per square inch (psi) is a unit of pressure that's commonly used, especially in the United States. Understanding what it represents and how it's derived helps to grasp its significance in various applications.

Definition of Pounds per Square Inch (psi)

Pounds per square inch (psi) is a unit of pressure defined as the amount of force in pounds (lbs) exerted on an area of one square inch ($in^2$).

$$Pressure (psi) = \frac{Force (lbs)}{Area (in^2)}$$

How psi is Formed

Psi is derived by dividing the force applied, measured in pounds, by the area over which that force is distributed, measured in square inches. It's a direct measure of force intensity. For example, 10 psi means that a force of 10 pounds is acting on every square inch of the surface.

Applications and Examples of psi

• Tire Pressure: Car tires are typically inflated to 30-35 psi. This ensures optimal contact with the road, fuel efficiency, and tire wear.

• Compressed Air Systems: Air compressors used in workshops and industries often operate at pressures of 90-120 psi to power tools and equipment.

• Hydraulic Systems: Hydraulic systems in heavy machinery (like excavators and cranes) can operate at thousands of psi to generate the immense force needed for lifting and moving heavy loads. Pressures can range from 3,000 to 5,000 psi or even higher.

• Water Pressure: Standard household water pressure is usually around 40-60 psi.

• Scuba Diving Tanks: Scuba tanks are filled with compressed air to pressures of around 3,000 psi to allow divers to breathe underwater for extended periods.

Pascal's Law and Pressure Distribution

Pascal's Law is relevant to understanding pressure in fluids (liquids and gases). Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher. Pascal's Law states that pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid. This principle is fundamental to hydraulics and pneumatic systems where pressure is used to transmit force. Pascal's Law can be summarized as:

A change in pressure at any point in a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished to all points in the fluid.

More formally:

$$\Delta P = \rho g \Delta h$$

Where:

• $\Delta P$ is the hydrostatic pressure difference (in Pascals or psi)
• $\rho$ is the fluid density (in $kg/m^3$ or $lbs/in^3$)
• $g$ is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately $9.81 m/s^2$ or $32.2 ft/s^2$)
• $\Delta h$ is the height difference (in meters or inches)

For more information, you can refer to this excellent explanation of Pascal's Law at NASA

What is bar?

The bar is a metric unit of pressure, widely used in science, engineering, and industry. It's a convenient unit because it is close to standard atmospheric pressure on Earth. Below is detailed information about bar, it's origin, and some real-world examples.

Definition of Bar

The bar is defined as exactly $100,000$ Pascals ($10^5 Pa$). The Pascal (Pa) is the SI unit of pressure, defined as one Newton per square meter ($N/m^2$). Therefore:

$1 \, bar = 100,000 \, Pa = 10^5 \, N/m^2$

Origin and History

The bar was introduced by British physicist Sir Napier Shaw in 1909. The goal was to have a unit of pressure that was close to atmospheric pressure but based on the metric system. The term "bar" comes from the Greek word "βάρος" (baros) meaning "weight."

Relation to Atmospheric Pressure

Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately $1.01325$ bar. Because of this proximity, the bar and millibar (1 mbar = 0.001 bar) are frequently used in meteorology to measure atmospheric pressure. Historically, meteorologists used millibars, but now the SI unit, the hectopascal (hPa), is also widely used (1 hPa = 1 mbar).

Real-World Examples and Applications

• Tire Pressure: Car and bicycle tire pressures are often measured in bar or PSI (pounds per square inch). For example, a car tire might be inflated to 2.5 bar.
• Weather Reports: Atmospheric pressure in weather reports can be given in millibars or hectopascals, where 1013.25 mbar is standard atmospheric pressure.
• Scuba Diving: Divers often use bar to measure the pressure of compressed air in their tanks. A typical scuba tank might be filled to 200 bar.
• Industrial Processes: Many industrial processes, such as hydraulic systems and pressure testing, use bar as a convenient unit of measurement.
• Geology: Pressures deep within the Earth are often measured in kilobars (kbar), where 1 kbar = 1000 bar.
• Vacuum: While bar is not commonly used for measuring high vacuum, it's relevant when discussing rough or backing vacuum levels. For high vacuum, units like Torr or Pascal are more typical.

Interesting Facts

• The bar is a metric unit but not an SI unit. The SI unit for pressure is the Pascal (Pa).
• The millibar (mbar) is commonly used in meteorology.
• 1 bar is approximately equal to 0.987 atmospheres (atm).